Overall, our paper shows that trade policy uncertainty around the renegotiation of a trade agreement can significantly deter exporting when there is a possibility that tariffs could increase if negotiations break down.
And exit has been large, even in just a short japan rcs data time period, the effects on aggregate trade value have been small. However, it is well established that a significant proportion of future trade growth comes from new entrants and hence the reduced dynamism arising from the uncertainty around Brexit could have an even more significant effect in the future.
It needs to be taken into consideration that one of the indicators of deprivation for the Carstairs score is ‘Car ownership’. Considering that owning a car in the city centre might not be convenient, it is to be expected that city centre areas may score higher on this variable resulting in the overall score being higher.
My 3D maps above also correspond with the results of the Index of Multiple Deprivation scores, which have stated that “Manchester is one of the local authority districts which has the largest proportions of highly deprived neighbourhoods in England” (The English Indices of Deprivation 2015, Baljit Gill).